Chloride as an Indicator of Non-point Source Contaminant Migration in a Shallow Alluvial Aquifer
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Non-point source (NPS) contamination in the context of surface and ground water interaction was investigated in the Elbow River, Alberta, Canada. Groundwater flow direction, water table elevation, baseflow recession, chloride, nitrate and microbiological measurements were made to determine the interaction of several small tributaries and a small hamlet with Elbow River-associated groundwater. Groundwater flow in the alluvial aquifer adjacent to the Elbow River is predominantly subparallel to the river, but can vary seasonally by as much as 30°. Bedrock constricts the alluvial aquifer downgradient of the tributaries and the hamlet, causing groundwater to emerge into the Elbow River at this point. Chloride mass flux estimates suggest that septic effluent from the hamlet enters the groundwater immediately downgradient of the hamlet and discharges to the river from 5 to 12 km downgradient. A tributary creek which joins the Elbow River just above the bedrock constriction also contributes significant chloride to the river, and had significantly higher bacterial loads than the Elbow River, suggesting that land uses on this creek are also a significant source of contamination. Geologic sources, cattle grazing on the alluvial aquifer, road salting, golf course fertilizer use and wildlife are also potential contaminant sources.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".