Dynamics of the karst system; a review of some recent work in North America
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Dynamique des processus karstiques. Apercu de travaux recents en Amerique du Nord.Il est etabli que la dissolution des carbonates est generalement effectuee par des eaux carbonatees. Les meilleures descriptions de l'etat chimique des eaux sont tirees de calculs d'equilibres. Des modeles d'equilibre permettent de decrire la plupart des eaux naturelles, et meme des eaux complexes, modifiees par le passage dans des residus miniers. Determiner, sur le terrain, le pH pour l'introduire dans les modeles reste un probleme. La comparaison d'eaux equilibrees du monde entier revele que systeme ouvert ou systeme ferme determine de facon hautement significative la concentration d'une solution en equilibre. Dans les terrains karstiques bien developpes, le principal facteur du degre de dissolution est la quantite d'eau qui coule. Aux echelles spatiales qui interessent la majorite des karstologues, les facteurs cinetiques de la dissolution ne seront importants que pendant la formation des reseaux d'ecoulement souterrain; neanmoins, certaines formes telles que les coups de gouge et les rillenkarren dependent de facteurs cinetiques.Il est habituel d'estimer l'âge de certaines formes par extrapolation a partir de temps de dissolution mesures. Dans certains cas, de telles estimations peuvent maintenant etre comparees aux datations absolues des concretions de grottes par U/Th. L'etude de cas pris en regions tropicales, temperees et subpolaires suggere que les extrapolations tendent a surestimer la vitesse de creation du relief, donc a sous-estimer l'âge des formes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".