The mechanism of nitrate-induced preconditioning
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Nitroglycerin (GTN) has been shown, in both human and animal studies, to induce a protective phenotype that limits tissue damage after ischemia and reperfusion. This phenomenon is similar to ischemic preconditioning, and several reports suggest that also the molecular pathways involved in this protective effect of nitrates are the same that determine ischemic preconditioning. Our group conducted a series of studies aimed at investigating, using a human model of endothelial IR injury, the mechanism of nitrate-induced preconditioning and particularly the role of reactive oxygen species formation and of the opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pores. Our data demonstrate that GTN protects the endothelium against postischemic endothelial dysfunction in a mechanism that is mediated by oxygen free radical release and opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pores. In contrast, the protective effect of pentaerithrityl tetranitrate appears to be independent of these mechanisms, and it seems to be mediated by induction of antioxidant genes. Finally, isosorbide mononitrate seems to be devoid of a significant protective effect. These data are summarized and discussed in the present paper.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".