Retinoic acid treatment alters germ cell heterogeneity and testicular echotexture in prepubescent ram lambs
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Testicular echotextural attributes are closely associated with spermatogenic development; however, precise characterisation of specific germ cell types is difficult due to tremendous germ cell heterogeneity. Recently, retinoic acid (RA) administration in neonatal mice was found to induce highly synchronised spermatogenesis as adults. A RA-treatment protocol was tested in 17 ram lambs treated with or without RA at 8 weeks of age, with scrotal ultrasonography and blood samples collected until castration 24h or 2.5 weeks later. At 8.2 weeks of age, the nuclear:seminiferous tubule (ST) area was higher in the treated compared with the control group. Serum testosterone concentrations and numerical pixel values (NPVs) of the testicular parenchyma reached a peak at 9 weeks of age in both groups of ram lambs studied. At 10.5 weeks of age, the percentage of ST cross-sections with different germ cells as the most mature germ cell type was lower and the inter-tubular heterogeneity and NPVs were also lower in the treated compared with the control animals. RA manipulation of spermatogenesis in prepubertal ram lambs may provide a suitable model for further investigation of the echotextural characteristics of specific germ cell types and critical developmental events.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".