Effects of capillary number, Bond number, and gas solubility on water saturation of sand specimens
Bibliographic record
Abstract
To better understand how to prepare completely water-saturated specimens or centrifuge models from dry sand, the mechanisms of the infiltration and filling of pores in sand are studied. Complete saturation has been shown by others to be especially important in studies involving the triggering of liquefaction. This paper discusses how the degree of saturation obtained during infiltration increases with the “Bond number”, Bo (ratio of body forces and capillary forces), and the “capillary number”, Ca (ratio of viscous forces and capillary forces), as well as the solubility of gas bubbles in the pore fluid. Bo is varied by changing the particle size, fluid density, and centrifugal acceleration. Ca is varied by changing the fluid viscosity and infiltration rate. The dissolution of gas is encouraged by replacing pore air by CO 2 (56 times more soluble in water than N 2 ), by de-airing the liquid prior to infiltration or by increasing the pore fluid pressure after infiltration. Infiltration experiments performed at 1g and in a centrifuge are presented. A new technique for measuring the degree of saturation is also presented. Quantitative pressure–saturation relations are presented for different gasses, illustrating the importance of replacement of air by CO 2 . Spinning a specimen in a centrifuge during infiltration is also useful for speeding up the saturation process and for achieving higher degrees of saturation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".