Coadsorption of Horseradish Peroxidase with Thionine on TiO<sub>2</sub> Nanotubes for Biosensing
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this study, we investigate the coadsorption of protein with thionine on TiO(2) nanotubes for biosensor design. The TiO(2) nanotube arrays fabricated by anodic oxidation of titanium substrate possess large surface areas and good uniformity and conformability and are ready for enzyme immobilization. Electrochemical and spectroscopic measurements show that the TiO(2) nanotube arrays provide excellent matrixes for the coadsorption of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and thionine and that the adsorbed HRP on these TiO(2) nanotube arrays effectively retains its bioactivity. The immobilized thionine can be electrochemically reduced but cannot be reoxidized in the electrode potential range between -0.7 and 0.0 V. The addition of H(2)O(2) leads to the biocatalytic oxidation of the reduced thionine in the presence of HRP, resulting in developing a novel H(2)O(2) sensor with good stability and reproducibility. The fabricated TiO(2) nanotubes offer a stage for further study of immobilization and electrochemistry of proteins. The proposed method opens a way to develop biosensors using nanostructured materials with low electrical conductivity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".