Evolution of Published Research on Molten Slags and Fluxes in the Second Millennium
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Starting in 1997 with the 5th International Conference on Slags and Fluxes, a survey on research on slags has been carried out for every conference on slags and fluxes. Trends from 1980, the year of the first conference in Halifax, Canada, have been traced and discussed. For the ninth conference in the series, the survey is focused on research on molten slags and fluxes published from 2000 to 2010. In these 10 years, the center of gravity of the metals industry has shifted eastwards towards China, and the slags and fluxes literature follows this geographical shift with reference to numbers of papers published per annum. The increased attention on sustainable metals production (including recycling of valuable metals and reuse of slags as cement or construction material) is reflected in the type of research on slags. Minimization of slag production per unit of metal produced is another trend triggering innovative production process development. An in‐depth analysis is given of papers published in 2010 in selected journals from China, Europe and USA in terms of slag systems, type of research and geographical origin.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.009 | 0.023 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.055 | 0.068 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".