Exploring the surface morphology of developing wheat starch granules by using Atomic Force Microscopy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Wheat starch granules from 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, and 49 days after anthesis (DAA) were imaged using AFM. Starches were scanned in their native form as well as following exposure to iodine vapour in‐situ at 100% humidity. Starch at 7 DAA exhibited only one granule population, while starches at other maturities had two size populations. Starches from all stages of maturation exhibited blocklet structures. Larger fuzzy blocklets were observed at early stages while they became smaller and less fuzzy at subsequent stages of maturity. Furthermore, at all stages, small granules had larger fuzzy blocklets and higher surface roughness than the large granule counterpart; however the surface roughness of both small and large granule fractions decreased gradually with maturation. Amorphous growth ring of starch granules with ∼1 × 1 µm to ∼3 × 6 µm size islands were also observed. In‐situ iodine exposure demonstrated that iodine interacted with glucan polymers in the amorphous background first and then spread over to polymers on top of blocklets. Iodine‐glucan polymer interaction further increased the surface roughness.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".