Using semipenetration ratio to characterise effects of waveform variables on bead profile and heat affected zone with single electrode submerged arc welding
Bibliographic record
Abstract
When using alternating current submerged arc welding to produce pipes from microalloyed linepipe steel strip, it is necessary to balance penetration depth and deposition rates in order to minimise the number of weld passes while still maintaining good heat affected zone properties. A series of bead on plate submerged arc welds were performed on X70 steel, varying either traditional variables (i.e. current, voltage, travel speed and polarity) or waveform variables (i.e. balance, offset and frequency). Cross-section profile areas were measured, penetration profile shape [i.e. the semipenetration (SP) ratio] was calculated and hardness and Charpy V notch (CVN) impact testing were performed. By using a 3·2 mm welding wire with a constant current mode, increased current resulted in greater wire feed speeds (WFS), while WFS was reduced by increasing voltage or decreasing travel speed. Increased balance reduced WFS and increased weld penetration, while offset and frequency did not appear to significantly affect WFS or bead profile. Waveform variables did not have significant effects on Vickers hardness traverses. Preliminary CVN testing showed that using 30 Hz frequency resulted in lower fracture energies, and using 75% balance resulted in greater energies. Improved CVN results were achieved when welds were produced with lower heat input and greater SP ratio values.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".