Physicochemical Characteristics, Hydroxycinnamic Acids (Ferulic Acid, <i>p</i>-Coumaric Acid) and Their Ratio, and in Situ Biodegradability: Comparison of Genotypic Differences among Six Barley Varieties
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Barley contains hydroxycinnamic acids, mainly ferulic acid (FA; 3-methoxy-4-hydroxycinnamic acid) and p-coumaric acid (PCA; 4-hydroxycinnamic acid). Ferulic acid is produced via the phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway and covalently cross-linked to polysaccharides by ester bonds and to components of lignin mainly by ether bonds. Various studies have consistently indicated that FA is among the factors most inhibitory to the biodegradability of cell wall polysaccharides. p-Coumaric acid is also covalently linked to polysaccharides (minor) and lignin (major), but does not form the inhibitory cross-linkages as FA does and is considered to represent cell wall lignification. The objectives in this study were to (1) determine genotypic differences in physicochemical characteristics in terms of (a) two major low molecular weight hydroxycinnamic acid profiles (FA, PCA, PCA-to-FA ratio, which are associated with digestion and lignification), (b) particle size distributions (mean, median), (c) hull content, and (d) digestion-resistant fiber fractions and (2) determine genotypic differences in in situ solubilization kinetics of FA and PCA. The barley varieties grown during three consecutive years (2003, 2004, and 2005) included AC Metcalfe, CDC Dolly, McLeod, CDC Helgason, CDC Trey, and CDC Cowboy. These barleys were grown at the Kernen Crop Research Farm (KCRF, University of Saskatchewan) and managed using standard agronomic production practices. Results showed that there were significant differences in hull content (P < 0.05) among the barley varieties, with Mcleod having the highest (11% DM) and CDC Dolly and CDC Helgason the lowest hull content (9% DM). Ferulic acid ranged from 555 to 663 microg/g of DM (P < 0.05). p-Coumaric acid ranged (P < 0.05) from 283 to 345 microg/g of DM. PCA-to-FA ratios ranged (P < 0.05) from 0.49 to 0.56. Mean particle size ranged (P < 0.05) from 3.06 to 3.66 mm, and median particle size ranged (P < 0.05) from 2.71 to 3.04 mm. In situ DM degradability ranged from 44 to 49%. In situ solubilized FA fractions ranged (P < 0.05) from 60 to 72% and of PCA ranged (P < 0.05) from 71 to 81%. In conclusion, CDC Dolly was best and McLeod barley was poorest as feed barley in terms of hull and FA contents. There were significant genotypic differences in FA, PCA and their ratio, hull content, particle size distribution, and in situ solubilization of FA and PCA among the barley varieties.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".