Shear strength of cohesionless soils at low stress
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Mobilisation of shear strength in shallow translational slips occurs at very low effective stress. Accordingly, a series of direct shear box tests was performed to characterise the strength of colluvium, under drained conditions, at vertical effective stresses between 5 and 20 kPa. Results from in situ tests on undisturbed block samples of moist soil are compared with laboratory tests on dry reconstituted specimens of the soil matrix only. The in situ tests determine a mean value of peak or maximum angle of shearing resistance between 58° and 64°, and a mean value at large displacement between 46° and 52°, with 46° believed representative of shearing at constant volume. Mobilisation of similar angles of shearing resistance, between 46° and 48°, at large displacement in laboratory tests on the 25 mm minus fraction indicates that the soil matrix is controlling strength. The values at large displacement are attributed to mineralogy, grain shape and angularity, and grain size distribution of the soils. Observations of the angle of repose corroborate the measured values at large displacement. The peak or maximum values are consistent with the phenomenon of stress dilatancy and, although very high, compare well with limited data reported for coarse granular soils at very low effective stress.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".