Variable and complementary effects of herbivores on different life stages of bloom-forming macroalgae
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Increased nutrient loading favors macroalgal blooms in eutrophied coastal ecosystems.The main counteracting factor on this bottom-up support is top-down control by consumers.We asked (1) whether herbivore control on 2 bloom-forming macroalgae in the Baltic Sea varies between different algal life stages, (2) whether herbivores selectively feed on Enterornorpha spp.(Chlorophyceae) thereby supporting dominance of PiZayella littoralis (Phaeophyceae), and (3) whether various herbivore species differ in their effects.In comparative field and laboratory experiments, we analyzed herbivore pressure and selectivity on germling density and adult thalli of Enterornorpha spp.and P. littoralis.In the field, herbivores reduced macroalgal recruitment by 80 % within 14 d indicating strong herbivore control at early life stages.Recruits of Enterornorpha spp.were significantly preferred over P, littoralis Adult thalli of both algae showed similar growth rates, but grazing rates were significantly higher on Enterornorpha spp.In laboratory experiments, Idotea chelipes (lsopoda), Littorina saxatilis (Gastropoda) and Garnmarus locusta (Amphipoda) strongly reduced germling density, whereas effects of L. littorea were weak.I. chelipes and L. saxatilis significantly preferred gerrnlings of Enterornorpha spp.over P. littoralis.I. chelipes had strong effects on adult Enterornorpha spp.but not on P, littoralis.The effects of G. locusta and L. littorea on both adult algae were smaller and not selective, and L. saxatilis did not feed on adults at all.Different herbivore feeding modes are discussed.We conclude that strong and selective herbivory on juvenile and adult Enterornorpha spp.favors dominance of P. littoralis in the Baltic.An effective control of macroalgal blooms in eutrophied areas can be supported by sustaining high herbivore density and species richness considering the variable and complementary effects of different herbivore species on different algal life stages.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".