Inline Bitumen Emulsification Using Static Mixers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Highly concentrated bitumen-in-water emulsions were produced with static mixers in continuous mode. The effect of the following process parameters on the average droplet size was studied: emulsion flowrate, static mixers configuration, and surfactant concentration as well as bitumen hardness, concentration, and temperature. Several static mixer configurations were investigated consisting of combinations of SMX (Sulzer Chemtech Ltd.) and helical elements with empty sections. The drop size results revealed that the mean droplet size could be scaled with the energy or the power draw depending on the static mixer configuration. Moreover, it was shown that the energy draw could capture the effect of emulsion flowrate and bitumen concentration on the mean droplet size, whereas the power draw (or the specific power) captured the effect of the emulsion flowrate and bitumen temperature. It was also demonstrated that the specific energy, or pressure drop, was minimized when SMX mixers were inserted after helical mixers.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".