<scp>DNA</scp>mechatronic devices switched by<scp>K</scp><sup>+</sup>and by<scp>S</scp>r<sup>2+</sup>are structurally, topologically, and electronically distinct
Bibliographic record
Abstract
DNAs and RNAs that fold via the formation of guanine quartets form G-quadruplexes that are often highly diverse in terms of architecture and topology. G-quadruplexes are specifically stabilized by metal cations such as K(+) and Sr(2+), but not Li(+). DNA duplexes that incorporate two separated clusters of G•G mismatches ("P-duplexes") can function as electronic switches, capable of toggling reversibly from a poorly conductive conformer (E) with only Li(+) in the solution to a G-quadruplex incorporating conformer of higher conductivity (C) in the presence of K(+). Herein, we report results from fluorescence energy transfer, circular dichroism, charge conduction, and chemical footprinting experiments, which cumulatively demonstrate that P-duplex E↔C transitions are genuinely mechatronic, with causally coupled mechanical and electronic states. We show, further, that the K(+) - and the Sr(2+)-fuelled E↔C switching of a given P-duplex are structurally, topologically, and electronically distinct from each other. A single DNA P-duplex can thus exist in at least three distinguishable mechatronic states in aqueous solution.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".