Thin-Film Solid-Phase Extraction To Measure Fugacities of Organic Chemicals with Low Volatility in Biological Samples
Bibliographic record
Abstract
To investigate the environmental fate, food chain bioaccumulation, and toxicity of organic chemicals, it is often preferable to measure the chemical's fugacity rather than its concentration. However, simple methods to do this are rare. This paper presents a novel yet simple method to measure fugacities of a range of poorly volatile hydrophobic organic chemicals ranging in octanol-air partition coefficients from 10(5.6) to 10(9.2). Thin films of ethylene vinyl acetate coated on glass surfaces are used as solid-phase samplers of contaminated biological tissues. The technique is applied to fish tissue samples and spiked fish diets to determine method feasibility, equilibration times, reproducibility, and property characteristics of the thin films. It is concluded that the method provides an attractive technique to measure chemical fugacities in biological tissues without requiring solvent extractions and cleanup. The method is further expected to be applicable to investigate the fugacity of semivolatile and poorly volatile organic chemicals in air, water, sediments, and soil.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".