Fat Crystal Growth and Microstructural Evolution in Industrial Milk Chocolate
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Surface microstructure, solid fat content (SFC), whiteness index, and fat phase polymorphism in four milk chocolates were studied over 1 year. The fat phase of each chocolate differed in cocoa butter, milk fat, and cocoa butter equivalent (CBE) content. The microtopography of all samples roughened with time, with randomly distributed crystalline and amorphous features gradually appearing. Conelike structures manifested themselves on all chocolates, although at different rates, depending on composition. These may have formed by “welling” and deposition of liquid-state fat pushed from within the matrix onto the surface during contraction. Phase imaging using atomic force microscopy showed that the cones hardened with age. Although only slight changes in surface whiteness index and SFC as a function of time were observed, crystal outcroppings protruded from the cones on all chocolates, suggesting that these features acted as loci for bloom crystals. After 1 year of storage, only the formulation consisting of cocoa butter, no CBE, and a lower amount of milk fat showed signs of visual bloom. This formulation demonstrated the most intense cone growth and was the first to undergo the form V→VI polymorphic transition.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".