Nucleophilic Substitution Sulfonation in Microemulsions and Emulsions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Microemulsions and emulsions can be used to carry out reactions in which the reactants are not soluble in the same phase. In this work, the nucleophilic substitution reaction between an organic soluble compound, decyl bromide, and a water-soluble salt, Na 2 SO 3, to produce sodium decyl sulfonate was carried out in batches in o/w microemulsions and emulsions formed with the two-tailed cationic surfactant dioctyldimethylammonium chloride, R 2 (Me) 2 N + Cl - . The surfactant counterion Cl -, substituted for bromide to give decyl chloride, an intermediate that further reacted to give the final product. The effects of stirring and preconditioning, surfactant concentration, the concentration of decyl bromide, and the initial mole ratio of the reactants on the conversion to sodium decyl sulfonate and decyl chloride were determined. Although phase separation occurred and emulsions formed in most of the samples, stirring and preconditioning did not have a significant effect on the conversion. An optimum surfactant concentration was found at which the maximum conversion to the final product was obtained. Increasing the concentration of decyl bromide increased the molar rate of sodium decyl sulfonate formation, but the conversion dropped. Increasing the mole ratio of Na 2 SO 3 to decyl bromide increased conversion to the final product and reduced conversion to the intermediate. A pseudophase ion-exchange model with the interfacial volume as a fitted parameter, varying only with the surfactant concentration, represented well the experimental results.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".