The governing electrodynamic equations of electromagnetic acoustic transducers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents the governing electrodynamic equations of electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMATs) and extends them to the derivation of the magnetic- and acoustic-field equations in terms of the magnetic vector potential (MVP) and the acoustic wave particle displacement vector (PDV), respectively. It also provides formulations for calculating forces and current densities in the case of two-dimensional (2D) models of EMAT configurations in Cartesian coordinates. Existing methods solve the governing electrodynamic equations for field quantities to analyze EMATs. However, they ignore skin and proximity effects and rely on simple 2D configurations for EMAT coils. Taking into account skin and proximity effects in complex 2D EMAT coil configurations requires the application of the finite element method (FEM). The FEM can be applied to solve the equations stated in terms of the MVP and PDV in the modeling of EMATs. These formulations and expressions facilitate the development and presentation of the FEM for the modeling and analysis of EMATs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".