Cytogeography of <i>Solidago gigantea</i> (Asteraceae) and its invasive ploidy level
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Aim Newly formed polyploids experience problems of establishment and spread similar to those faced by newly introduced alien species. To understand the significance of polyploidy in biological invasions, we mapped the distribution of ploidy levels in Solidago gigantea Aiton in its native range in North America, and in Europe and East Asia where it is invasive. Location North America, Europe and East Asia. Methods Flow cytometry was used to measure ploidy levels in a total of 834 plants from 149 locations. Together with data from contributors and a literature review, ploidy‐level data were assembled for 336 locations. Cytogeographical maps from North America and Europe were prepared, incorporating new and previously published ploidy‐level data. Results In the native range, diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid plants were found, and also one triploid and one pentaploid plant (2 n = 3 x and 2 n = 5 x , respectively, each being new reports for this species). There was a high degree of geographical separation among the ploidy levels, and populations with mixed ploidy were rare. However, four zones were identified where plants of different ploidy could come into contact. In Europe and East Asia, only tetraploid plants were found. Main conclusions The geographical pattern in North America suggests that the ploidy levels are ecologically differentiated, although further investigations are needed to identify the nature of these differences. Alien populations appear to be exclusively tetraploid, but it is not clear whether this is because tetraploids were selectively introduced or because diploids were unsuccessful. In any case, comparisons between native and introduced populations need to account for ploidy level.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".