Injurious ventilation induces widespread pulmonary epithelial expression of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 messenger RNA*
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: We examined the hypothesis that injurious strategies of mechanical ventilation alter the expression and distribution within the lung of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 that are both duration and ventilation strategy dependent. SUBJECTS: Male Sprague Dawley rats. INTERVENTIONS: Lungs from rats were preserved immediately after death or were randomized to ex vivo ventilation with either a) noninjurious ventilation; b) high end-inspiratory lung volume with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP); c) high end-inspiratory lung volume without PEEP; or d) intermediate lung distension without PEEP, for periods ranging from 30 mins to 3 hrs. MEASUREMENT AND MAIN RESULTS: Changes in cytokines were assessed by in situ hybridization, immunocytochemistry, simultaneous in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry, Northern analysis, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Whereas minimal expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 mRNA was found in lungs subjected to noninjurious ventilation, the three injurious strategies resulted in a diffuse increase in expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6. The principal cells involved were the bronchial, bronchiolar, and alveolar epithelium. The changes in tumor necrosis factor-alpha mRNA and protein expression were dependent on both duration of ventilation and the ventilation strategy used. CONCLUSIONS: The vast pulmonary epithelium is a major contributor to ventilation-induced changes in cytokine production and may play an important role in the pathogenesis of lung injury and systemic sequelae in ventilated subjects.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".