Kinetics of peptide fraction release during <i>in vitro</i> digestion of casein
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The charges and sizes of peptides released during in vitro casein digestion were investigated. Casein was hydrolysed sequentially by pepsin and pancreatin and, during hydrolysis, the products of digestion were removed by dialysis. The undigested residues were separated by ion‐exchange chromatography into basic–neutral (BN), lightly acid (LA) and acid (A) fractions. Each of these fractions was further resolved by sequential ultrafiltration (MWCO 10 and 1 kDa) into two retentates (>10 and 10–1 kDa) and one permeate (<1 kDa). The polypeptides (>10 kDa) produced by pepsin hydrolysis were degraded into small molecules during the first 2 h of pancreatin hydrolysis; less than 100 mg g −1 of the total N remained undigested. Most of the material produced was in the BN10‐1 (ie basic–neutral, 10–1 kDa) fraction, with three times as much N as the A10‐1 fractions. As digestion progressed a decrease in the proportion of N in the residues retained by the dialysis membrane was observed. This decrease was particularly rapid in the BN10‐1 fraction. Large proportions of leucine (Leu), lysine (Lys), arginine (Arg), phenylalanine (Phe) and tyrosine (Tyr) were found as peptides smaller than 1 kDa, both in the dialysates and retentates, while glutamine (Glu), threonine (Thr), serine (Ser) and asparagine (Asp) appeared mostly in the A10‐1 and A > 10 fractions. After 6 h of pancreatin hydrolysis most of the proline (Pro) content was in the BN10‐1 fractions. The mechanisms behind and the implications of these results are discussed. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".