An experimental investigation of the near surface flow over air-water and air-solid interfaces
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Results from an experimental study, investigating the similarities and dissimilarities of the airflow structure over water and solid surfaces for smooth and wavy conditions, are reported. The experiments were conducted at the same location, under identical flow conditions. The two-dimensional velocity fields were measured using particle image velocimetry technique over a wind speed range from 1.5 to 4.4 m s−1. The mean velocity profiles for all surface configurations showed the logarithmic behavior. The profiles of different turbulent properties followed similar trend over water and solid surfaces, however, their magnitudes varied over different surface types. The results show that the level of enhancement of normalized Reynolds stress, rates of energy production, and dissipation from the free-stream region toward the surface is higher over the water surface especially in the presence of waves as compared to that over the solid surface. It is also observed that the normalized magnitudes of turbulent properties are largest above the water surface and smallest above the wavy solid wall. It is concluded that, at a given free stream condition, the flow behavior over the solid surface is not necessarily similar to that over the water surface.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".