Investigation of Structural Changes of Alkaline-extracted Wood Using X-ray Microtomography and X-ray Diffraction: A Comparison of Microwave versus Conventional Method of Extraction
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The effect of extraction of wood components on wood anatomy and cellulose crystallinity was studied using X-ray computed microtomography (micro CT) and X-ray crystallography. Micro CT of the xylem vessels of birch wood samples was used for the quantitative determination of the wood porosity after conventional and microwave extraction. The method was also used as an indirect means for the determination of temperature generated inside the fibers. Original porosity of birch wood was 18.5 ± 1.5%, and porosity increased with both extractions. The increase in wood porosity after 10 minutes of microwave extraction was double that of wood after conventional method of extraction at 90°C for two hours (42% vs. 26%), indicating a sudden rupture of the wood structure due to the volumetric heating effect produced by the microwave heating. Comparison of porosities of the conventionally extracted samples at different temperatures for the same duration indicated that the temperature generated inside the fibers during 10 minutes of microwave extraction is around 120°C. Crystallinity of cellulose did not change after both extractions, suggesting that the extraction did not affect the strength of the fibers.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".