Thermal Stability Study of Aryl Modified Carbon Black by in Situ Generated Diazonium Salt
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The thermal stability of functionalized Vulcan XC72R powders and the chemical species liberated upon their heat treatment in air and nitrogen were investigated by a series of physicochemical techniques. First, Vulcan was modified by a “one pot” synthesis with 4-nitrophenyl, p -azobenzene, and benzene groups by spontaneous reaction with in situ generated aryl diazonium cations, from the corresponding amine, in aqueous solution. The presence of organic moieties at the carbon surface was demonstrated by elemental analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) which yielded a nitrogen content of 1.5 atom % and 3.0 atom %, respectively. The covalent bonding of the organic groups was indirectly evidenced by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), which revealed that a high temperature (e.g., above 200 °C) is needed to lose a significant weight of grafted groups. Thermogravimetric analysis-mass spectrometry (TGA-MS) and XPS data suggest that the 4-nitrophenyl grafted groups undergo the cleavage of the N−O bond of the nitro group that is followed by the liberation of NO. The liberated NO then reacted with the carbon support to generate pyrrolic and pyridinic type species, as identified by XPS from the lower binding energy components on the N 1s core level spectra.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".