Shear Band Formation Observed in Ring Shear Tests on Sandy Soils
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Shear band formation is an important factor in understanding failures in soil. In this paper, shear localization and shear band formation and evolution are examined using ring shear tests performed on three sands prepared by air pluviation. A transparent outer confining ring was used to visualize formation and evolution of the entire shear band. By comparing the ring shear stress paths with visual observations made during shearing, the writers show that the specimen shears uniformly over its entire height prior to shear localization. Bifurcation under constant volume and drained conditions occurs as the soil fully mobilizes its effective friction angle, and subsequent shear displacements occur only within the shear band. Consistent with previous studies, the final thickness of the observed shear band ranged from 10 to 14 times the median particle diameter. Substantial particle damage occurred within the shear band after large displacements, particularly for dilative specimens, causing additional strain-softening in contractive specimens and a second phase transformation and considerable strain-softening in dilative specimens.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".