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Record W2047585195 · doi:10.1007/s11746-006-1241-8

Determining the acid number of biodiesel

2006· article· en· W2047585195 on OpenAlex

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.

Bibliographic record

VenueJournal of the American Oil Chemists Society · 2006
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldSocial Sciences
TopicDiverse Research Studies Overview
Canadian institutionsUniversity of Toronto
Fundersnot available
KeywordsAcid valueRepeatabilityPotassium hydroxideBiodieselReproducibilityTitrationChemistryChromatographyDiesel fuelPalmitic acidPulp and paper industryFatty acidOrganic chemistryBiochemistry

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Abstract Commerical biodiesel is composed of FAME. It may also contain small amounts of FA, which are quantified by an acid number, expressed as milligrams of potassium hydroxide required to neutralize 1 g of sample. In 2006, the ASTM D 6751 biodiesel acid‐number limit was harmonized with the European biodiesel value of 0.50. ASTM D 664 is the standard reference method for measuring the acid number of both ASTM biodiesel and petroleum‐derived diesel. This potentiometric method cites acceptable repeatability and mediocre reproducibility, but no information on accuracy. ASTM D 974 is a non‐aqueous colorimetric titration that uses potassium hydroxide in isopropanol as the titrant and p ‐naphtholbenzein as indicator. It was designed for petroleum products and is suitable for colored samples. It has been tested on nine palmitic acid/soybean oil standards in the acid‐number range of 0.198 to 1.17. All accuracies were within 3.3%. The repeatability was approximately 6% at an acid number of 0.5. The reproducibility appears to be only slightly greater than the repeatability at an acid number of 0.5. It is concluded that ASTM D 974 is a good method for evaluating the acid‐number compliance of biodiesel samples.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.001
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Not applicable · Consensus signal: Not applicable
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.318
Threshold uncertainty score0.813

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0010.001
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.001
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.002
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0010.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.021
GPT teacher head0.339
Teacher spread0.319 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it