Monitoring of cell and tissue responses to photodynamic therapy by electrical impedance spectroscopy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Electrical impedance spectroscopic (EIS) monitoring of photodynamic therapy (PDT) was investigated in vivo in rat liver and in vitro in multicellular spheroids. Liver impedance was continuously measured with two needle electrodes before, during and up to 3 hours following Photofrin-PDT. EIS spectra were altered immediately after PDT, with significant changes in conductivity at approximately 10 kHz, and in permittivity at approximately 30 kHz and 1 MHz. The change in permittivity at high frequencies was related to oedema, while low-frequency effects were attributed to cell necrosis and vascular changes. Photofrin-PDT-treated spheroids showed dose-dependent decreases in permittivity and conductivity at frequencies above 10 and 100 kHz, respectively. Histology showed concomitant development of a damaged rim containing sparsely distributed cells with compromised membranes and lightly staining cytoplasm. Different EIS responses to apoptotic versus necrotic modes of cell death further verified the sensitivity of impedance to purely cellular changes in the spheroid model. In conclusion, EIS sensitivity to PDT-induced damage, at both the cell and tissue level, varies with dose and time, and can be correlated qualitatively to biological changes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".