Numerical and Experimental Simulations of Flapping Wings
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents recent progress in a continuing investigation of the aeromechanical aspects of unsteady flapping wings for micro air vehicles (MAV). Numerical simulations were performed for two-dimensional (2D) pitching-plunging airfoils and three-dimensional (3D) flapping wings, mainly at hover conditions, using an in-house code called INSflow. The results were compared with available experimental data obtained in the water tunnel at the NRC-IAR. The investigation revealed that, at hover conditions, the vortices formed during the airfoil plunging motion may remain near the airfoil and affect new vortex formations, and thus the integral aerodynamic performance. In addition, the flow around the 3D insect-like wing is fully three-dimensional. The tip flow affects the flow separation, reducing the separation intensity. Two-dimensional calculations may over-predict the separation and the shedding vortices, thus affecting the generation of aerodynamic forces.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".