Effects of pair versus single housing on performance and behavior of dairy calves before and after weaning from milk
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This experiment tested the effects of pair versus single housing on the performance and behavior of dairy calves before and after weaning. Twenty-seven Holstein calves were separated from the dam within 6h of birth, housed in individual pens for 4 d, and then assigned to either continued individual housing (n=9 calves) or pair housing (n=9 pairs). Calves had ad libitum access to starter, hay, and water via buckets. Pasteurized whole milk was fed via teat twice a day for 2h at ad libitum volumes until d 36. During the milk-feeding period, paired calves showed higher intakes of starter than did the individually housed calves (averaging 93 vs. 59+/-11 g/d per calf). Calves were weaned from milk from d 37 to 41 by progressive dilution of milk with water, and the teat was removed on d 49. Calves in both treatments vocalized in response to teat removal but this response was less in paired calves than in individually housed calves (84 vs. 194+/-12 calls/2-h period per calf on d 49). On d 56, calves were moved to group pens, mixed with other calves, and observed for 15 d. Starter, water, and hay were available ad libitum via automatic feeders. Compared with calves previously housed in single pens, paired calves had a shorter latency to start feeding (9.1+/-2.6 vs. 49.5+/-4.1 h/calf), visited the starter feeder more frequently (41.6+/-3.0 vs. 26.4+/-3.3 visits/d per calf), spent more time at the feeder (87.8+/-2.5 vs. 65.3+/-2.9 min/d per calf), and consumed more starter (3.4 vs. 2.3+/-0.2 kg/d per calf). Weight gains at mixing were higher for paired than for individually housed calves on d 2 and 3 after mixing (0.5 vs. -2.4+/-0.3 kg/d per calf; and 0.8 vs. -0.9+/-0.3 kg/d per calf, respectively). The results indicate that pair housing during the milk-feeding stage reduces calf responses to weaning and improves performance after weaning when calves are housed in groups.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".