Inhibition of cholinergic muscarinic signaling by ethanol: Potential mechanism of developmental neurotoxicity and biological plausibility for the beneficial effects of choline supplementation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Costa, L., Giordano, G., & Guizzetti, M. (2013). Inhibition of cholinergic muscarinic signaling by ethanol: Potential mechanism of developmental neurotoxicity and biological plausibility for the beneficial effects of choline supplementation. The International Journal Of Alcohol And Drug Research, 2(3), 17-25. doi:10.7895/ijadr.v2i3.72 (http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v2i3.72)Central nervous system dysfunctions are among the most significant effects of in utero exposure to ethanol. Ethanol has been shown to affect neurons and glial cells, causing cell loss and impaired cell migration and maturation. Multiple mechanisms have been suggested to underlie the effects of ethanol, including interference with growth factors, cytokines, cell adhesion molecules and neurotransmitters. Here, we propose that a relevant mechanism of ethanol’s developmental neurotoxicity may be its ability to inhibit the actions of acetylcholine in the developing nervous system mediated by activation of cholinergic muscarinic receptors. Acetylcholine has been shown to induce proliferation of astrocytes, to protect neurons against apoptotic cell death, and to foster astrocyte-neuronal interactions, thereby increasing neuritogenesis. By interfering with muscarinic receptor signal transduction pathways (mostly at the level of phospholipase D), ethanol inhibits all these effects of acetylcholine in the developing brain. Such action of ethanol may be responsible, at least in part, for some manifestations of developmental neurotoxicity, such as microencephaly, neuronal cell death and impaired neuronal differentiation. Among potential therapeutic interventions for fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, choline supplementation appears to be one of the most promising. The cholinergic hypothesis of ethanol’s developmental neurotoxicity provides biological plausibility for the beneficial effects of choline. Indeed, by “potentiating” the cholinergic system during development (through increased synthesis of acetylcholine and phosphatidylcholine, and increased phospholipase D activity), choline would antagonize at least some of the deleterious effects of ethanol.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".