A spectroscopic comparison of femtosecond-laser-modified fused silica using kilohertz and megahertz laser systems
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Waveguides were written in fused silica using both a femtosecond fiber laser with a 1MHz pulse repetition rate and a femtosecond amplified Ti:sapphire laser with a 1kHz repetition rate. Confocal Raman and fluorescence microscopies were used to study structural changes in the waveguides written with both systems. A broad fluorescence band, centered at 650nm, associated with nonbridging oxygen hole center (NBOHC) defects was observed after waveguide fabrication with the megahertz laser. With the kilohertz laser system these defects were only observed for pulse energies above 1μJ. Far fewer NBOHC defects were formed with the megahertz laser than with kilohertz writing, possibly due to thermal annealing driven by heat accumulation effects at 1MHz. When the kilohertz laser was used with pulse energies below 1μJ, the predominant fluorescence was centered at 550nm, a band assigned to the presence of silicon clusters (Eδ′). We also observed an increase in the intensity of the 605cm−1 Raman peak relative to the total Raman intensity, corresponding to an increase in the concentration of three-membered rings in the lines fabricated with both laser systems.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
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Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
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