N-Acetylcysteine Modulates the Cytotoxic Effects of Paclitaxel
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Paclitaxel is a microtubule-stabilizing drug known to cause mitotic G2/M arrest and apoptosis. It also increases the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) known to be involved in both apoptotic and necrotic cell death. Antioxidants, such as N-acetylcysteine (NAC), prevent the deleterious effects of ROS and modulate the regulation of apoptotic-linked cellular proteins. METHODS: A549 human adenocarcinoma alveolar epithelial cells were treated with 5.0 mM NAC, 1.0 μM paclitaxel, or co-incubated with both NAC and paclitaxel for a 24-hour incubation period. The effects of NAC in paclitaxel-induced cytotoxicity were evaluated by measuring cell viability, production of ROS, and apoptosis. RESULTS: Challenge of cells with paclitaxel resulted in time/concentration-dependent decreases in cell viability and increases in intracellular levels of ROS, and apoptosis, all effects being abrogated by co-treatment with NAC. NAC reduced the paclitaxel-induced increase in activated caspase-10 levels, but potentiated that for caspase-3. CONCLUSIONS: NAC alters the cytotoxicity of paclitaxel in vitro by decreasing the levels of ROS, preventing apoptosis, and modulating apoptotic cellular proteins.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".