Permeability and internal erosion of a GCL beneath coarse gravel
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Experimental results from flow tests to assess the hydraulic performance of a geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) when subjected to extrusion beneath coarse (50 mm) gravel are reported. Although the permittivity was slightly higher then when loaded uniformly, it remained very low (6.3 × 10 −10 s −1 ) when the GCL was placed directly beneath coarse gravel and subjected to 250 kPa of overburden pressure. In some cases, hydraulic failure from internal erosion was observed when the final GCL thickness beneath the gravel contact was less than 3.5 mm. The GCL was much more susceptible to failure from internal erosion when a geotextile protection layer was installed above the GCL as a result of the increased transmissivity between the gravel and GCL allowing the large head to act on the thinnest part of the GCL. The head required to result in failure of the GCL by internal erosion decreased as the minimum thickness of the GCL decreased and it was very sensitive to thickness being less than 1 m for a GCL thickness less than 2 mm and at least 100 m for a GCL thickness greater than 3.5 mm. The results suggest that if a protection layer is selected to limit the tensile strains in an overlying geomembrane to less than 3%, the reductions in GCL thickness from bentonite extrusion would be sufficiently small such that the particular GCL tested would not be at risk of hydraulic failure from internal erosion for the conditions tested for most practical cases (i.e. heads much less than 100 m).
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".