Bibliographic record
Abstract
Clay minerals spiked with multi-component metal ions (Cu(+2), Cd(+2), Pb(+2)) were decontaminated using different soil washing solutions. The desorption characteristics were determined by batch acid leaching with various acids. Removal of Cu(2+), Cd(+2) and Pb(+2) ions from variable charge minerals (e.g. kaolinite) required much less effort than their removal from constant-charge minerals (e.g. illite). The surface charge of a clay mineral had an important influence. When the numbers of H+ and Na+ ions available in the soil were increased by adding a buffer solution such as NaOAc-HOAc, heavy metals adsorbed on the clay surface transferred to the pore fluid. When more H+ or Na+ ions were available in the pore fluid, more Cu(+2), Cd(+2) and Pb(+2) ions were released into the equilibrium solution. Decreasing the pH led to more removal of heavy metal ions from kaolinite. The presence of Na+ ions facilitated the removal of heavy metals from contaminated illite. The selectivity for desorption was in the order Cu(+2) > Cd(+2) > Pb(+2) for all washing solutions investigated.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".