A search for diagnostic AFLP markers in <i>Cichorium </i>species with emphasis on endive and chicory cultivar groups
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The genus Cichorium consists of two widely cultivated species C. intybus (chicory) and C. endivia (endive) and four wild species, C. bottae, C. spinosum, C. calvum, and C. pumilum. A multivariate and an UPGMA (unweighted pair group method average) analysis based on AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism) markers were used to establish the genetic relationships among the species and cultivar groups of C. intybus and C. endivia. At the species level, the results correspond with previously obtained phylogenetic relationships in that C. bottae is the most divergent species, and C. intybus and C. spinosum, as well as C. endivia, C. pumilum, and C. calvum formed clusters. Based on the congruence between phylogenetic and genetic analyses, unique markers were expected for all species, however, hardly any specific marker was found except for C. bottae. The analysis of cultivar groups of C. intybus resembled the species analysis in two respects: (i) grouping of cultivars according to cultivar groups, and (ii) lack of markers unique to cultivar groups. In contrast to C. intybus, the cultivar series of C. endivia do not form distinct groups, which would reflect that crosses have been made among the various cultivar groups. The relationships among Cichorium species and cultivars will be useful for setting up a core collection of Cichorium, and stress the importance of inclusion of the wild species in the collection.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".