Inter-observer concordance in grading retinopathy in cerebral malaria
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In children severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria causes a unique set of retinal signs (Lewallen et al. 1993; Hero et al. 1997). Some of these changes are entirely specific to severe malaria and have been associated with fatal outcome in cerebral malaria (Lewallen et al. 1996; unpubl. obs.). Observations of these retinopathies therefore have a contribution to continuing studies on the patho-physiological processes in cerebral malaria (CM). Lewallen et al. (1999) described these opthalmic changes in detail and proposed a system for grading them. In an attempt to validate and standardize this grading system the level of agreement between two independent observers who used the system to grade retinopathy in CM and then recorded their findings on standardized charts was investigated in a prospective study. The patients investigated were the consecutive children with CM who were admitted to the Malaria Projects research ward at the Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital in Blantyre Malawi during one malaria season. For the purposes of this study CM was defined as a Blantyre coma score of 2 or less in the presence of P. falciparum parasitaemia with no other explanation of coma (Molyneux et al. 1989). The Malawi College of Medicines Research Committee gave ethical approval for the study and patients were included only after permission from their parents or guardians was obtained. The tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki were also followed. (excerpt)
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.065 | 0.094 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".