Effect of prolonged vegetative reproduction of olive tree cultivars (<i>Olea europaea</i> L.) in mitochondrial homoplasmy and heteroplasmy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The inheritance of mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes does not follow Mendelian laws, but proceeds by vegetative segregation. Most organisms show organelle homoplasmy, which is probably produced and maintained during sexual reproduction. We have tested the effect of prolonged vegetative multiplication in the maintenance of mitochondrial homoplasmy and the generation of heteroplasmy in cultivated olive trees, Olea europaea L. Seven trees, each representing a different variety of olive, were analysed by the study of an intergenic spacer region of the mitochondrial genome. A very high level of heteroplasmy was detected in all cases. We found multiple genome variants of the sequence analysed. The frequency of genomes with no changes in the spacer region was 11.5%. This means that 88.5% of genomes contain at least one change. The same spacer mitochondrial region was sequenced in several clones from four olive trees of a second generation of sexually reproduced trees. In these trees, many clones were identical and had no changes, which represents a clear reduction of the heteroplasmy (p < 0.001). Therefore, this work supports the relevance of the role of sexual reproduction in the maintenance of mitochondrial homoplasmy and also shows that mutations accumulate in a non-coding sequence of the mitochondrial genome when vegetative propagation is maintained for a long period of time.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".