Residues of Ethoxyquin and Ethoxyquin Dimer in Ocean‐Farmed Salmonids Determined by High‐Pressure Liquid Chromatography
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT: The occurrence of residues of ethoxyquin (EQ) and ethoxyquin dimer (DM) from fish feeds in the liver and muscle of farmed salmon and steelhead was studied. For quantitative analysis of DM, the tissue was partially hydrolyzed with 50% NaOH, and then the lipid and antioxidant residues were extracted with hexane. After solvent removal and recovery into acetonitrile, DM was determined by reversed‐phase high‐pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a fluorescence detector, with the excitation wavelength set at 360 nm and the emission wavelength at 440 nm. The mobile phase was acetonitrile:0.01M ammonium acetate (80:20, v:v). The EQ levels were very low, but the DM levels were higher. The recoveries from the spiked samples were 88 ± 4% for DM. Sample site determinations indicated that the DM residue level could be associated with depot fat except in the liver, where the tissue content of DM was 60% to 70% less. Similar results appear satisfactory for ethoxyquin extracted from fish oils.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".