Tartaric Acid Cross-Linking of Starch: Effect of Reaction Conditions on the Maximum Tensile Strength of Cast Plastic Films
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Modification of starch by cross-linking is used in many fields, as the process improves many of the properties of starch, yet most cross-linking agents in common use tend to be toxic, expensive, or both. Polycarboxylic acids could function as nontoxic alternatives to these – some, such as tartaric acid (TA) being also of low cost. This study presents a method to cross-link thermoplastic starch films with TA, as well as the effect of this modification on the tensile strength of the material when films are prepared using different reaction conditions. An increase in strength was observed, which is believed to occur due to an increase in the London dispersion forces acting within the cross-linked starch (CLS). The greatest observed increase in the maximum tensile strength of the plastic was 6%. Monosodium tartrate was used as a catalyst for the cross-linking reaction. The maximum tensile strengths of the plastics produced were determined by using adapted binder clips, a hook (total mass 10g) and hanging masses to subject films of the plastics to progressively greater tension. Incremental weights of 10g were used, with recorded tensions at fracture of 1.2~8.9 N.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".