Divergence in Fitness and Evolution of Drug Resistance in Experimental Populations of <i>Candida albicans</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The dissemination and persistence of drug-resistant organisms in nature depends on the relative fitness of sensitive and resistant genotypes. While resistant genotypes are expected to be at an advantage compared to less resistant genotypes in the presence of drug, resistance may incur a cost; resistant genotypes may be at a disadvantage in the absence of drug. We measured the fitness of replicate experimental populations of the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans founded from a single progenitor cell in a previous study (L. E. Cowen, D. Sanglard, D. Calabrese, C. Sirjusingh, J. B. Anderson, and L. M. Kohn, J. Bacteriol. 182:1515-1522, 2000) and evolved in the presence, and in the absence, of the antifungal agent fluconazole. Fitness was measured both in the presence and in the absence of fluconazole by placing each evolved population in direct competition with the drug-sensitive ancestor and measuring the reproductive output of each competitor in the mixture. Populations evolved in the presence of drug diverged in fitness. Any significant cost of resistance, indicated by reduced fitness in the absence of drug, was eliminated with further evolution. Populations evolved in the absence of drug showed more uniform increases in fitness under both conditions. Fitness in the competition assays was not predicted by measurements of the MICs, doubling times, or stationary-phase cell densities of the competitors in isolation, suggesting the importance of interactions between mixed genotypes in competitions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".