Infrared to Visible Up‐Conversion Emission in <scp> <scp>Er</scp> </scp> <sup>3+</sup> / <scp> <scp>Yb</scp> </scp> <sup>3+</sup> Codoped Fluoro–Phosphate Glass–Ceramics
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Erbium Er 3+ and ytterbium Yb 3+ codoped fluoro‐phosphate glasses belonging to the system NaPO 3 – YF 3 – BaF 2 – CaF 2 have been prepared by the classical melt‐quenching technique. Glasses containing up to 10 wt% of erbium and ytterbium fluorides have been obtained and characterized using differential scanning calorimetry ( DSC ) and UV –visible and near‐infrared spectroscopy. Transparent and homogeneous glass–ceramics have been then reproducibly synthetized by appropriate heat treatment above glass transition temperature of a selected parent glass. Structural investigations of the crystallization performed through X‐ray diffractometry ( XRD ) and scanning electron microscopy ( SEM ) have evidenced the formation of fluorite‐type cubic crystals based during the devitrification process. Finally, infrared to visible up‐conversion emission upon excitation at 975 nm has been studied on the Er 3+ and Yb 3+ codoped glass–ceramics as a function of thermal treatment time. A large enhancement of intensity of the up‐conversion emissions–about 150 times‐ has been observed in the glass–ceramics if compared to the parent glass one, suggesting an incorporation of the rare‐earth ions (REI) into the crystalline phase.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.016 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".