Forced Convection Heat Transfer in Spray Formed Copper and Nickel Foam Heat Exchanger Tubes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A thermal spray coating process was used to deposit dense 2 mm thick metal skins on the surfaces of square cross-section channels (300 mm × 20 mm × 20 mm) of nickel and copper foams with 10 and 40 PPI (pores per inch) pore densities. A heater was wrapped around the channels to apply surface heat-fluxes varying from 427 to 6846 W/m2. Compressed air was blown through the channels at flow rates of 5–80 l/min. Foam and fluid temperature distributions along the length of the channel and the pressure drop across it were measured. The foam was modeled as a porous medium and properties such as permeability K and inertial coefficient CF were determined from the experimental data. Local and average convective heat transfer coefficients were calculated from air and foam temperature measurements. Nusselt numbers were calculated and correlated in terms of the Reynolds, Prandtl, and Darcy numbers. Heat transfer to air flowing through a 10 PPI foam channel was shown to have increased nearly seven times compared to that of hollow tube with the same dimensions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".