An exploratory study of new product development at small university spin-offs
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A large and growing body of management research examines new product development (NPD) in technology- intensive firms. Much of that work has been directed towards the organizational environment of medium and large organizations. Likewise, there is a large and growing body of research examining the formation, financing, growth, and success factors of new technology ventures (NTVs). However, there is a relative paucity of research into NPD at small NTVs. This paper describes the findings of an exploratory multiple case study of three NPD projects at small university spin-off (USO) ventures from a Canadian University. Emergent results are compared and contrasted with extant research. We find that NPD was inextricably coupled with new venture financing. NPD milestones had both technical and financial aspects. We observed significant heterogeneity with respect to NPD practices, technological sophistication of the product offering, and sophistication of the NPD environment. We propose that these observed differences are related to founder backgrounds.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.009 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.008 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".