Improved Serotonergic Tone Contributes to the Mechanism of Action of St John’s Wort in Nicotine Withdrawn Mice
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Present study aims to investigate the acute effects of St John’s Wort (SJW) on nicotine withdrawal syndrome and serotonergic hypo activity in mice. Adult male Albino mice weighing 20-25g were housed 6 per cage under light and dark conditions at 22±3oC and maintained on lab chow and water ad libitum under standard housing conditions. Nicotine was administered at the concentrations of 3.08mg (1mg of free base) in 100 ml of drinking water for 4 weeks. Nicotine withdrawal was achieved by substituting nicotine containing water with drinking water. Nicotine withdrawn (NW) mice were evaluated for locomotor activity and abstinence signs at 72 h. Whole brain tryptophan (TRP). 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) were measured using high performance liquid chromatography connected to fluorescence detector. St John’s Wort (SJW) (500mg/kg) was given intraperitonially 3 h prior to completion of 72 h of nicotine withdrawal period. Behavioral analysis in SJW administered NW mice showed attenuation in nicotine abstinence signs (shaking, scratching, chewing and facial tremors) and locomotor activity when compared with respective controls. NW mice showed decrease in plasma TRP, brain TRP and 5-HT concentrations while increase in 5-HT turnover and corticosterone concentrations as compared to respective controls. SJW administrated NW mice showed decrease in corticosterone levels and 5-HT turnover while plasma TRP, brain TRP and 5-HT synthesis were increased when compared with similarly treated saline injected group. Our findings warrant SJW’s therapeutic efficacy to alleviate nicotine withdrawal associated depression by virtue of its ability to improve serotonergic activity by increasing brain TRP, 5-HT concentrations and decreased turnover.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".