Egr-1 Mediates Hypoxia-Inducible Transcription of the <i>NDRG1</i> Gene through an Overlapping Egr-1/Sp1 Binding Site in the Promoter
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
N-myc down-regulated gene 1 (NDRG1/Cap43) is inducible by a variety of environmental stressors, including hypoxia. The present study identified a cis-acting element mediating the transactivation of the NDRG1 gene in murine RAW264.7 macrophage cells treated with hypoxia or deferoxamine, an iron chelator mimicking hypoxia. Through a series of deletions of the promoter of NDRG1 luciferase constructs, a minimal cis-acting element conferring inducibility by hypoxia and deferoxamine was localized to an early growth response 1 (Egr-1) and Sp1 overlapping binding site. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay, antibody supershift assay, and mutations of the Egr-1 binding site confirmed the specific binding of Egr-1 protein to this Egr-1/Sp1 motif. In addition, hypoxia increased the level of Egr-1 protein that correlated with induction of NDRG1 expression at both RNA and protein levels. Transient transfection of the Egr-1 gene into HeLa cells also resulted in up-regulation of the NDRG1 mRNA. The role of Egr-1 was further verified by mutations in the Egr-1 binding site, which reduced promoter inducibility by hypoxia and deferoxamine. Furthermore, the induction of NDRG1 expression by hypoxia and deferoxamine was diminished by RNA interference knockdown of Egr-1 gene expression and in Egr-1-/- mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) compared with Egr-1+/- MEFs. These results showed for the first time that Egr-1 regulates NDRG1 transcription through an overlapping Egr-1/Sp1 binding site that acts as a major site of positive regulation of the NDRG1 promoter by hypoxia signaling.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it