Fluctuating asymmetry in an extreme morphological adaptation in the Chilean bee <i>Xeromelissa rozeni</i> (Hymenoptera: Colletidae)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Fluctuating asymmetry (FA), random deviations from perfect symmetry in bilateral traits, is a common inverse measure of developmental stability (DS), which is related to one’s ability to buffer against environmental and genetic perturbations. There is a widespread hypothesis that heterozygosity grants an increased ability to compensate for developmental errors caused by genetic and environmental factors, rendering homozygous individuals less symmetric than heterozygous ones. In addition, if natural selection on FA is common, nonessential traits should exhibit higher asymmetry than functionally essential traits. This is especially well tested in haplodiploid organisms, which present a clear distinction between “homo”zygosity (males) and heterozygosity (females). Relatively few FA studies looked at this relationship in hymenopterans or in haplodiploid organisms in general and the results are rather inconsistent. This study compares FA measurements of seven parts of the maxillary palpus, with sclerotized and membranous parts scored separately, and two wing venation characters for males and females of the Chilean bee Xeromelissa rozeni (Toro and Moldenke, 1979). The results of this study suggest that there is an equally strong selection force for maxillary palp symmetry in both males and females leading to a relatively low FA in both sexes, and that less functional traits exhibit higher FA due to relaxation of selection. Lastly, we stress the importance of testing a larger number of independent traits.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".