Low‐copy nuclear data confirm rampant allopolyploidy in the Cystopteridaceae (Polypodiales)
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Here we present the first nuclear phylogeny for Cystopteridaceae (Polypodiales), using the single‐copy locus gapCp “ short ”. This phylogeny corroborates broad results from plastid data in demonstrating strong support for the monophyly of the family's three genera— Cystopteris, Acystopteris , and Gymnocarpium —and of the major groups within Cystopteris ( C. montana , the sudetica and bulbifera clades, and the C. fragilis complex). In addition, it confirms the rampant hybridization (allopolyploidy) that has long been suspected within both Cystopteris and Gymnocarpium . In some cases, these data provide the first DNA‐sequence‐based evidence for previous hypotheses of polyploid species origins (such as the cosmopolitan G. dryopteris being an allotetraploid derivative of the diploids G. appalachianum and G. disjunctum ). Most of the allopolyploids, however, have no formal taxonomic names. This pattern is particularly strong within the C. fragilis complex, where our results imply that the eight included accessions of “ C. fragilis ” represent at least six distinct allopolyploid taxa.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it