Impaired Interleukin-2 Synthesis and T Cell Proliferation Following Antibody-mediated CD3 and CD2 or CD28 Cross-linking in<i>Trans</i>: Evidence that T Cell Activation Requires the Engagement of Costimulatory Molecules Within the Immunological Synapse
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Although the T cell costimulatory molecules CD2 and CD28 are enriched within the immunological synapse (IS), it has been suggested that costimulatory molecules need not be localized to the contact site between a T cell and an antigen-presenting cell (APC) in order to costimulate T cell activation. To determine whether CD2 or CD28 engagement outside of the IS is sufficient to costimulate T cell activation, we compared mouse T cell responses to anti-CD3 and anti-CD2 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) or anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 mAbs immobilized on the same, i.e., in cis, or on different, i.e., in trans, 10 micron polystyrene microspheres. In comparison to T cells that were stimulated with co-immobilized anti-CD3 and anti-CD2 or anti-CD28 mAbs, DNA synthesis, interleukin (IL)-2 production, and cellular proliferation were all severely impaired following T cell stimulation with anti-CD3 and anti-CD2 mAbs or anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 mAbs on different microspheres. Deficient cellular proliferation and IL-2 synthesis by T cells that experienced CD3 and CD2 or CD28 cross-linking in trans provides evidence that costimulatory molecules must function in the context of the IS for optimal T cell activation.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it