Synergistic Effect between Sphingosine-1-Phosphate and Chemotherapy Drugs against Human Brain-metastasized Breast Cancer MDA-MB-361 cells
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is an important sphingolipid metabolite regulating key physiological and pathophysiological processes such as cell growth and survival and tumor angiogenesis. Significant research evidence links elevated cellular S1P concentration to cancer cell proliferation, migration and angiogenesis. Physiological levels of S1P are tightly regulated and maintained at the low nanomolar level. In cancer, S1P may exist well beyond the low nanomolar level. Recently, we reported that S1P selectively induces cell apoptosis of the breast cancer MCF7 cell line at concentrations higher than 1 µM and co-administration of 1 µM S1P significantly increased the cytotoxicity of chemotherapy drug docetaxel. In this study, we show that S1P caused minor increases in cell proliferation or apoptosis, in a concentration-dependent manner, yet co-administration of 10 µM S1P exhibited a significant synergistic effect with chemotherapy drugs docetaxel, doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide. S1P increased the cytotoxic potential of each drug by 2-fold, 3-fold, and 10-fold, respectively, against the breast cancer metastatic cell line MDA-MB-361. This synergism may suggest improved anticancer drug therapy by co-administration of exogenous S1P.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".