Corn competition alters the germinability of velvetleaf (<i>Abutilon theophrasti</i>) seeds
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Velvetleaf is a troublesome annual weed in many cropping systems of the United States and Canada. Differences in the growing environment of parent plants can influence the number, structure, germinability, and viability of seeds produced. Thus, the effects across a range of competitive environments and corn planting dates on velvetleaf seed production, germination, and seed coat weight were examined under field conditions. Seed production of velvetleaf increased with increasing biomass. Total velvetleaf reproductive output was reduced in competition with corn compared with monoculture stands. Corn planting date had no effect on the dormancy status of seeds, but increased competition from corn resulted in up to a 30% decrease in the proportion of seeds that were dormant. Seed and seed coat weights also decreased for plants of velvetleaf grown in competition with corn compared with those grown in monoculture. These findings suggest that velvetleaf plants growing in relatively noncompetitive environments, such as along field edges or in field areas with poor crop stands, are likely not only to produce a greater number of seeds but also a greater proportion of seeds that are dormant. This alteration in the dormancy status of velvetleaf seeds in the absence or presence of a crop provides unique opportunities for effective long-term management of the soil seedbank in this species, especially for velvetleaf individuals bordering fields or growing in fallow areas that might require more stringent control because of increased seed dormancy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".